Kukkuteswara Swamy Temple, Pithapuram – Legends

Kukkuteswara Swamy Temple, Pithapuram – Legends

Sakthi Peeth:

In Hindu mythology, Daksha Yajna or Daksha-Yaga is an important event, which is narrated in various Hindu scriptures. It refers to a yajna (sacrifice) organized by Daksha, where his daughter Sati immolated herself. The wrath of god Shiva, Sati's husband, thereafter destroyed the sacrifice. The tale is also called Daksha-Yajna-Nasha (destruction of Daksha's sacrifice). The story forms the basis of the establishment of the Shakti Peethas, temples of the Hindu Divine Mother. It is also becoming a prelude to the story of Parvati, Sati's reincarnation who later marries Shiva. The mythology is mainly told in the Vayu Purana. It is also mentioned in the Kasi Kanda of the Skanda Purana, the Kurma Purana, Harivamsa Purana and Padma Purana. Linga Purana, Shiva Purana, and Matsya Purana also detail the incident.

Sati-Shiva marriage:

Daksha was one of the Prajapati, son of Brahma, and among his foremost creations. The name Daksha means "skilled one". Daksha had two wives: Prasoothi and Panchajani (Virini). Sati (also known as ‘‘Uma’’) was his youngest daughter; born from Prasoothi (the daughter of the Prajapati Manu), she was the pet child of Daksha and he always carried her with him. Sati (meaning truth) is also called Dakshayani as she followed Daksha’s path; this is derived from the Sanskrit words Daksha and Ayana (walk or path).

Sati, the youngest daughter of Daksha, was deeply in love with the god Shiva and wished to become his wife. Her worship and devotion of Shiva strengthened her immense desire to become his wife. However, Daksha did not like his daughter’s yearning for Shiva, mainly because he was a Prajapati and the son of the god Brahma; his daughter Sati was a royal princess. They were wealthy nobility and their imperial royal lifestyle was entirely different from that of Shiva.

As an emperor, Daksha wanted to increase his influence and power by making marriage alliances with powerful empires and influential sages and gods. Shiva on the other hand led a very modest life. He lived among the downtrodden, wore a tiger skin, smeared ashes on his body, had thick locks of matted hair, and begged with a skull as bowl. His abode was Mount Kailash in the Himalayas. He embraced all kinds of living beings and did not make any distinction between good souls and bad souls.

The Bhutaganas, his followers, consisted of all kinds of ghosts, demons, ghouls and goblins. He wandered through garden and graveyard alike. As a consequence, Daksha had aversion towards Shiva being his daughter’s companion. However, unlike Daksha, Sati loved Shiva as she had the revelation that Shiva was the Supreme God. Sati won Shiva as her husband by undergoing severe austerities (tapas). Despite Daksha's disappointment, Sati married Shiva.

Brahma's Yajna:

Once Brahma conducted a huge yajna (sacrifice), where all the Prajapatis, gods and kings of the world were invited. Shiva and Sati were also called on to participate in the yajna. All of them came for the yajna and sat in the ceremonial place. Daksha came last. When he arrived, everyone in the yajna, with the exception of Brahma, Shiva and Sati, stood up showing reverence for him. Brahma being Daksha's father and Shiva being Daksha's son-in-law were considered superior in stature to Daksha. Daksha misunderstood Shiva’s gesture and considered Shiva's gesture as an insult. Daksha vowed to take revenge on the insult in the same manner.

Daksha Yaga:

Daksha’s grudge towards Shiva grew after Brahma's yajna. With the prime motive of insulting Shiva, Daksha initiated a great yajna, similar to that of Brahma. The yajna was to be presided over by the sage Bhrigu. He invited all the gods, Prajapatis and kings to attend the yajna and intentionally avoided inviting Shiva and Sati.

Dadhichi – Daksha argument:

The Kurma Purana discusses the dialogues between the sage Dadhichi and Daksha. After the sacrifice and hymns where offered to the twelve Aditya gods; Dadhichi noticed that there was no sacrificial portion (Havvis) allotted to Shiva and his wife, and no Vedic hymns were used in the yajna addressing Shiva which were part of Vedic hymns. He warned Daksha that he should not alter the Holy Vedas for personal reasons; the priests and sages supported this. Daksha replied to Dadhichi that he would not do so and insulted Shiva. Dadhichi left the yajna because of this argument.

Sati's Death:

Sati came to know about the grand yajna organized by her father and asked Shiva to attend the yajna. Shiva refused her request, saying that it was inappropriate to attend a function without being invited. He reminded her that she was now his wife more than Daksha’s daughter and, after marriage, is a member of Shiva’s family rather than Daksha’s. The feeling of her bond to her parents overpowered the social etiquette she had to follow. She even had a notion that there was no need to have received an invitation in order to attend as she was Daksha’s favourite daughter and no formality existed between them.

She constantly pleaded and urged Shiva to let her attend the ceremony and became adamant in her demands without listening to the reasons Shiva provided for not attending the function. He allowed Sati to go to her parents' home, along with his followers including Nandi, and attend the ceremony, but refused to accompany with her. Upon arriving, Sati tried to meet her parents and sisters; Daksha was arrogant and avoided interacting with Sati. He repeatedly snubbed her in front of all the dignitaries, but Sati maintained her composure.

Because of Sati’s persistence in trying to meet him, Daksha reacted vehemently, insulting her in front of all the other guests at the ceremony to which she had not been invited. He called Shiva an atheist and cremation ground dweller. As planned, he took advantage of the situation and continued shouting repugnant words against Shiva. Sati felt deep remorse for not listening to her beloved husband. Daksha’s disdain towards her, and especially her husband Shiva, in front of all the guests was growing each moment she stood there. The shameless insult and humiliation of her and her beloved, eventually became too much to bear.

She cursed Daksha for acting so atrociously toward her and Shiva and reminded him that his haughty behaviour had blinded his intellect. She cursed him and warned that the wrath of Shiva would destroy him and his empire. Unable to bear further humiliation, Sati committed suicide by jumping into the sacrificial fire. The onlookers tried to save her, but it was too late. They were only able to retrieve the half-burnt body of Sati.

Daksha's pride in being a Prajapati and his prejudice against his son-in-law created a mass hatred within himself, which resulted in the death of his daughter. The Nandi and the accompanying Bhootaganas left the yajna place after the incident. Nandi cursed the participants and Bhrigu reacted by cursing the Bhootaganas back.

Destruction of the Yajna by Lord Shiva:

Lord Shiva was deeply pained upon hearing of his wife's death. His grief grew into a terrible anger when he realized how Daksha had viciously plotted a treachery against him; but it was his innocent wife who fell into the trap instead of him. Shiva learned of Daksha’s callous behaviour towards Sati. Shiva's rage became so intense that he plucked a lock of hair from his head and smashed it on the ground, breaking it into two with his leg. Armed and frightening, two fearsome beings Virabhadra and Bhadrakali (Rudrakali) emerged. Lord Shiva ordered them to kill Daksha and destroy the yajna.

The ferocious Virabhadra and Bhadrakali, along with the Bhutaganas, reached the yajna spot. The invitees renounced the yajna and started running away from the turmoil. Sage Bhrigu created an army with his divine penance powers to resist Shiva’s attack and protect the yajna. Bhrigu’s army was demolished and the entire premises were ravaged. All those who participated, even the other Prajapatis and the gods, were mercilessly beaten, wounded or even slaughtered.

The Vayu Purana mentions the attack of Bhutaganas: the nose of some goddesses were cut, Yama's staff bone was broken, Mitra's eyes were pulled out, Indra was trampled by Virabhadra and Bhutaganas, Pushan's teeth were knocked out, Chandra was beaten heavily, all of the Prajapatis' were beaten, the hands of Vahini were cut off, and Bhrigu's beard was cut off. Daksha was caught and decapitated, the attack culminated when the Bhutaganas started plucking out Bhrigu’s white beard as a victory souvenir. 

The Vayu Purana do not mention the decapitation of Daksha, instead it says Yagna, the personification of yajna took the form of an antelope and jumped towards the sky. Virabhadra captured it and decapitated Yagna. Daksha begs mercy from the Parabrahmam (the Supreme Almighty who is formless), who rose from the yajna fire and forgives Daksha. The Parabrahmam informs Daksha that Shiva is in fact a manifestation of Parabrahmam. Daksha then becomes a great devotee of Shiva. The Linga Purana and Bhagavatha Purana mention the decapitation of Daksha.

Certain other puranas like Harivamsa, Kurma, and Skanda narrate the story from the perspective of the Vaishnava-Shaiva community feud prevalent in ancient times. In these puranas, there are fights between Vishnu and Shiva or Virabhadra, with various victors throughout. The story of Daksha Yaga in Vaishnava and Shaiva puranas end with the surrendering of Daksha to the Parabrahmam or with the destruction of yajna and decapitation of Daksha.

Aftermath:

As the obstruction of the yajna will create havoc and severe ill effects on the nature, Brahma and the god Vishnu went to the grief-stricken Lord Shiva. They comforted and showed their sympathy towards Shiva. They requested him to come to the yajna location and pacify the Bhutaganas and allow the Yaga to be completed; Shiva agreed. Shiva found the burnt body of Sati. Shiva gave permission to continue yajna. Daksha was absolved by Shiva and the head of a ram (Male goat) meant for yajna was fixed on the decapitated body of Daksha and gave his life back. The yajna was completed successfully.

The later story is an epilogue to the story of Daksha yajna mentioned in Shakta Puranas like Devi Bhagavata Purana, Kalika Purana and the folklores of various regions. Shiva was so distressed and could not part from his beloved wife. He took the corpse of Sati and wandered around the universe. To reduce Shiva's grief, Vishnu cuts Sati's corpse as per Vaishnava Puranas; whose parts fell on the places Shiva wandered. The Shaiva version says that her body disintegrated on its own and the parts fell while Shiva was carrying Sati's corpse in various places. The seat place (Peetha) of Goddess Sati fell here. It is for this reason that the place is known as Pithapuram.   

These places commemorating each body part came to be known as the Shakti Peethas. There are 51 Shakti Peethas, representing the 51 letters of Sanskrit. Some of the puranas which came in later ages gave more importance to their supreme deity (depending on Vaishnava, Shaiva, and Shakta sects) in their literature. Shiva went to isolation and solitude for ages and wandered all around until Sati reincarnated as Parvati, the daughter of the King Himavan. Like Sati, Parvati took severe austerities and gave away all her royal privileges and went to forest. Shiva tested her affection and devotion in disguise. He eventually realized Parvati is Sati herself. Shiva later married Parvati.

Avatara Sthalam of Sri Pada Srivallabha:

Dattatreya, the son of the sage Atri and Anasuya, was born in Padagaya Kshetram at Pithapuram. This is written in fifth chapter of Guru Charita written by Sree Vasudevada Saraswathi Swamy. In the delta plains of the Yela river, in Pithapuram Kshetram, there lived Sumathi and Raja Simha Sharma, Brahmin couple. The two sons born to them were blind, deaf and dumb. They always worshipped Datta Devi in Padagaya kshetram with utter devotion for a child.

One day, the annual ceremony of his father came. Sumathi was preparing everything for that ceremony. To test them, Dattatreya came in the guise of a sage for Bhiksha. At that time Raja Simha Sharma was not in the house, Sumathi gave Bhiksha to the sage without thinking break of ceremony. Dattatreya was pleased very much and asked Sumathi to ask for any boon. Then, Sumathi requested him to be born as their son. He granted that boon as they were his true devotees. Afterwards Raja Simha Sharma came and knew this news and felt glad.

He thought that it was not an error to give Bhiksha and it would satisfy his forefathers. Then they finished ceremony. Dattatreya was born as their son Sri Pada Srivallabha to Sumathi and Raja Simha Sarma couple. Swamy showed many Leelas even in childhood. He took sannyasa in boyhood, he removed physically handicapped nature of his brothers on his mother’s request. He showed Jnanayoga to the devotees and fulfilled their desires. By his powers, he made foolish people into wise men, the poor into the rich, blessed the couples without children and gave them children, ordinary people into Lords.

Padagaya Kshetram:

During Kritayuga, there was a demon king called Gayasura, by his intense penance and sacrifice he got kingship on heaven and ruled all the three Lokas (Swarga, Marthya, Patalam). Defeated by Gayasura, Lord Indra and other devas approached Trimurtis (Brahma, Vishnu and Maheswara) for restoration of their position. Trimurtis in the guise of brahmins visited Gayasura. Gayasura used to fulfill the desires of the people who asked him by virtue of his kind and charitable qualities.

By his mere visit, even sinners used to get rid of their sins and reached heaven. Gayasura received them warmly and worshipped with utter respect, (Arghya and Padya) and received their blessing. He asked them to tell the cause of their arrival. Then they told to offer a sacred place to perform the sacrifice. He promised to provide the place. They asked to give his body as it was a holy place to perform the sacrifice. He agreed for it. 

They gathered material, sages and deities and requested Gayasura to commence Yaga (Sacrifice). The Gayasura extended his body from Gaya in Bihar State to Pithapuram in Andhra State and asked them to start sacrifice (Yaga). The place where his legs rested was a pond where after this pond came to be known as Pada Gaya Sarovar. It is believed that whoever bathes in this sacred pond will be relieved of their sins. They started Yaga on his chest.

Yaga was intended to finish in seven days, counting every day, from early in the morning. After six days, the Devas prayed to Lord Eswara to spoil the Yaga. Then Lord Eswara in the Form of a Cock at midnight (Lingodbhava kala), (before early in the morning) sounded "Kokkuroko," Gayasura thought that the Yaga was over and moved his body. Angered by this, Trimurtis were ready to kill Gayasura as he spoiled their sacrifice. Gayasura graciously accepted it.

Trimurtis pleased by the Gayasura actions, asked him to request them a boon. Gayasura told them that he had no personal desires. But for the benefit of the world, he requested Vishnu to be at his head, at naval cavity Brahma, and at feet Eswara in the form of Cock, permanently. These three places should be treated as holy places and of anybody performed shraddha karmas in these places, their fore Fathers would reach salvations without rebirth. Lord Vishnu is being worshipped in the form of Gadadhara in Gaya in Bihar even today. Brahma is being worshipped in the form of Girijadevi in Nabhigaya in Jajipur, Odisha.

Vyasa Maharshi visit to this Temple:

Vyasa Maharshi also visited this temple. Vyasa Maharshi while going through Theertha Yathra explained the glory of those temples, he visited in 53 Kandas in Skanda Purana (Kasi Kandam, Kedara Kandam, Gouri Kandam, Reeva Kandam, etc.). Bheema Kanda is one among them. It describes about the Kshetrams in Andhra Pradesh from Arasavalli to Amaravathi. Vyasa Maharshi told about Pithapuram in 36 Slokas in the third chapter of this Bheema Kandam. Pithapuram is equally holy and sacred place along with “Kedaram” in north and “Kumbakonam” in south.

People visit to this Temple in different Yugas:

In Krita Yugam Lord Vishnu, Brahma and Indra came to this temple. Lord Rama visited this temple in Tretayuga, Vyasa, Kunti and Pandavas came here in Dwapara Yuga.

Bhimeswara Purana:

According to Bhimeswara Purana of Srinath Kavi Sarvabhuma, four places will give salvation or Moksha, they are (Banaras), Varanasi, Kedaram, Kumbakonam and Pithapuram (Kukkuteswara Stanamu)

Yela:

A rishi named Yela did severe penance and brought one stream of River Ganga from Lord Siva’s Jatamudi. It is called as River Yela. Pithapuram is on the bank of River Yela.

Purihuthika:

Lord Indra (Purihuthudu) did Srividhyopasana here so she got the name Purihuthika.