Biraja
Temple, Jajpur – Legends
Sakthi Peethas:
In Hindu mythology, Daksha Yajna
or Daksha-Yaga is an important event, which is narrated in various Hindu
scriptures. It refers to a yajna (sacrifice) organized by Daksha, where his daughter Sati immolated herself. The
wrath of god Shiva,
Sati's husband, thereafter destroyed the sacrifice. The tale is also
called Daksha-Yajna-Nasha (destruction of Daksha's sacrifice). The
story forms the basis of the establishment of the Shakti Peethas, temples of the Hindu Divine
Mother. It is also becoming a prelude to the story of Parvati, Sati's reincarnation who later
marries Shiva. The mythology is mainly told in the Vayu Purana. It is also mentioned in
the Kasi Kanda of the Skanda Purana, the Kurma Purana, Harivamsa Purana and Padma Purana. Linga Purana, Shiva Purana, and Matsya Purana also detail the incident.
Sati-Shiva marriage:
Daksha was one of the Prajapati, son of Brahma, and among his foremost
creations. The name Daksha means "skilled one". Daksha had
two wives: Prasoothi and Panchajani (Virini). Sati (also known as ‘‘Uma’’)
was his youngest daughter; born from Prasoothi (the daughter of the Prajapati Manu), she was the pet child of
Daksha and he always carried her with him. Sati (meaning truth) is also called
Dakshayani as she followed Daksha’s path; this is derived from the Sanskrit
words Daksha and Ayana (walk or path).
Sati, the youngest daughter of Daksha, was deeply in love with
the god Shiva and
wished to become his wife. Her worship and devotion of Shiva strengthened her
immense desire to become his wife. However, Daksha did not like his daughter’s
yearning for Shiva, mainly because he was a Prajapati and the son of the god Brahma; his daughter Sati was a royal
princess. They were wealthy nobility and their imperial royal lifestyle was
entirely different from that of Shiva.
As an emperor, Daksha wanted to increase his influence
and power by making marriage alliances with powerful empires and influential
sages and gods. Shiva on the other hand led a very modest life. He lived among
the downtrodden, wore a tiger skin, smeared ashes on his body, had thick locks
of matted hair, and begged with a skull as bowl. His abode was Mount Kailash in the Himalayas. He embraced all kinds of
living beings and did not make any distinction between good souls and bad
souls.
The Bhutaganas, his followers, consisted of all kinds of ghosts,
demons, ghouls and goblins. He wandered through garden and graveyard alike. As
a consequence, Daksha had aversion towards Shiva being his daughter’s
companion. However, unlike Daksha, Sati loved Shiva as she had the revelation
that Shiva was the Supreme God. Sati won Shiva as her husband by undergoing
severe austerities (tapas). Despite Daksha's
disappointment, Sati married Shiva.
Brahma's Yajna:
Once Brahma conducted a huge yajna (sacrifice), where all the Prajapatis, gods and
kings of the world were invited. Shiva and Sati were also called on to
participate in the yajna. All of them came for the yajna and sat in the
ceremonial place. Daksha came last. When he arrived, everyone in the yajna,
with the exception of Brahma, Shiva and Sati, stood up showing reverence for
him. Brahma being Daksha's father and Shiva being Daksha's son-in-law were
considered superior in stature to Daksha. Daksha misunderstood Shiva’s gesture
and considered Shiva's gesture as an insult. Daksha vowed to take revenge on
the insult in the same manner.
Daksha Yaga:
Daksha’s grudge towards Shiva grew after Brahma's
yajna. With the prime motive of insulting Shiva, Daksha initiated a great
yajna, similar to that of Brahma. The yajna was to be presided over by the
sage Bhrigu.
He invited all the gods, Prajapatis and kings to attend the yajna and
intentionally avoided inviting Shiva and Sati.
Dadhichi – Daksha argument:
The Kurma Purana discusses the dialogues between the
sage Dadhichi and
Daksha. After the sacrifice and hymns where offered to the twelve Aditya gods; Dadhichi noticed that there was no
sacrificial portion (Havvis) allotted to Shiva and his wife, and no Vedic hymns
were used in the yajna addressing Shiva which were part of Vedic hymns. He
warned Daksha that he should not alter the Holy Vedas for personal reasons; the
priests and sages supported this. Daksha replied to Dadhichi that he would not
do so and insulted Shiva. Dadhichi left the yajna because of this argument.
Sati's Death:
Sati came to know about the grand yajna organized by
her father and asked Shiva to attend the yajna. Shiva refused her request,
saying that it was inappropriate to attend a function without being invited. He
reminded her that she was now his wife more than Daksha’s daughter and, after
marriage, is a member of Shiva’s family rather than Daksha’s. The feeling of
her bond to her parents overpowered the social etiquette she had to follow. She
even had a notion that there was no need to have received an invitation in
order to attend as she was Daksha’s favourite daughter and no formality existed
between them.
She constantly pleaded and urged Shiva to let her
attend the ceremony and became adamant in her demands without listening to the
reasons Shiva provided for not attending the function. He allowed Sati to go to
her parents' home, along with his followers including Nandi, and attend the ceremony, but
refused to accompany with her. Upon arriving, Sati tried to meet her parents
and sisters; Daksha was arrogant and avoided interacting with Sati. He
repeatedly snubbed her in front of all the dignitaries, but Sati maintained her
composure.
Because of Sati’s persistence in trying to meet him,
Daksha reacted vehemently, insulting her in front of all the other guests at
the ceremony to which she had not been invited. He called Shiva an atheist and
cremation ground dweller. As planned, he took advantage of the situation and
continued shouting repugnant words against Shiva. Sati felt deep remorse for
not listening to her beloved husband. Daksha’s disdain towards her, and
especially her husband Shiva, in front of all the guests was growing each
moment she stood there. The shameless insult and humiliation of her and her
beloved, eventually became too much to bear.
She cursed Daksha for acting so atrociously toward her
and Shiva and reminded him that his haughty behaviour had blinded his
intellect. She cursed him and warned that the wrath of Shiva would destroy him
and his empire. Unable to bear further humiliation, Sati committed suicide by
jumping into the sacrificial fire. The onlookers tried to save her, but it was
too late. They were only able to retrieve the half-burnt body of Sati.
Daksha's pride in being a Prajapati and his prejudice
against his son-in-law created a mass hatred within himself, which resulted in
the death of his daughter. The Nandi and the accompanying Bhootaganas left the
yajna place after the incident. Nandi cursed the participants and Bhrigu
reacted by cursing the Bhootaganas back.
Destruction of the Yajna by Lord Shiva:
Lord Shiva was deeply pained upon hearing of his
wife's death. His grief grew into a terrible anger when he realized how Daksha
had viciously plotted a treachery against him; but it was his innocent wife who
fell into the trap instead of him. Shiva learned of Daksha’s callous behaviour
towards Sati. Shiva's rage became so intense that he plucked a lock of hair
from his head and smashed it on the ground, breaking it into two with his leg.
Armed and frightening, two fearsome beings Virabhadra and Bhadrakali (Rudrakali) emerged. Lord
Shiva ordered them to kill Daksha and destroy the yajna.
The ferocious Virabhadra and Bhadrakali, along with
the Bhutaganas, reached the yajna spot. The invitees renounced the yajna and
started running away from the turmoil. Sage Bhrigu created an army with his
divine penance powers to resist Shiva’s attack and protect the yajna. Bhrigu’s
army was demolished and the entire premises were ravaged. All those who
participated, even the other Prajapatis and the gods, were mercilessly beaten,
wounded or even slaughtered.
The Vayu Purana mentions the attack of Bhutaganas:
the nose of some goddesses were cut, Yama's staff bone was broken, Mitra's eyes were pulled out, Indra was trampled by Virabhadra and Bhutaganas, Pushan's teeth were knocked out, Chandra was beaten heavily, all of
the Prajapatis' were beaten, the hands of Vahini were cut off, and Bhrigu's
beard was cut off. Daksha was caught and decapitated, the attack culminated
when the Bhutaganas started plucking out Bhrigu’s white beard as a victory
souvenir.
The Vayu Purana do not mention the
decapitation of Daksha, instead it says Yagna, the personification of yajna
took the form of an antelope and jumped towards the sky. Virabhadra captured it
and decapitated Yagna. Daksha begs mercy from the Parabrahmam (the Supreme Almighty who
is formless), who rose from the yajna fire and forgives Daksha. The Parabrahmam
informs Daksha that Shiva is in fact a manifestation of Parabrahmam. Daksha
then becomes a great devotee of Shiva. The Linga Purana and Bhagavatha Purana mention the decapitation
of Daksha.
Certain other puranas like Harivamsa, Kurma,
and Skanda narrate the story from the perspective of the
Vaishnava-Shaiva community feud prevalent in ancient times. In these puranas,
there are fights between Vishnu and Shiva or Virabhadra, with various victors
throughout. The story of Daksha Yaga in
Vaishnava and Shaiva puranas end with the surrendering of Daksha
to the Parabrahmam or with the destruction of yajna and decapitation of Daksha.
Aftermath:
As the obstruction of the yajna will create havoc and
severe ill effects on the nature, Brahma and the god Vishnu went to the grief-stricken
Lord Shiva. They comforted and showed their sympathy towards Shiva. They
requested him to come to the yajna location and pacify the Bhutaganas and allow
the Yaga to be completed; Shiva agreed. Shiva found the burnt body of Sati.
Shiva gave permission to continue yajna. Daksha was absolved by Shiva and the
head of a ram (Male goat) meant for yajna was fixed on the decapitated body of
Daksha and gave his life back. The yajna was completed successfully.
The later story is an epilogue to the story of Daksha
yajna mentioned in Shakta Puranas like Devi Bhagavata Purana, Kalika
Purana and the folklores of various regions. Shiva was so distressed and
could not part from his beloved wife. He took the corpse of Sati and wandered
around the universe. To reduce Shiva's grief, Vishnu cuts Sati's corpse as per
Vaishnava Puranas; whose parts fell on the places Shiva wandered. The Shaiva
version says that her body disintegrated on its own and the parts fell while
Shiva was carrying Sati's corpse in various places. The navel of Sati fell
here.
These places commemorating each body part came to be
known as the Shakti Peethas. Shakti Peethas are holy abode of the
Mother Goddess. Each temple have shrines for Shakti and Kalabhairava. There are 51 Shakti Peethas,
representing the 51 letters of Sanskrit. Some of the puranas which came
in later ages gave more importance to their supreme deity (depending on
Vaishnava, Shaiva, and Shakta sects) in their literature. Shiva went to
isolation and solitude for ages and wandered all around until Sati reincarnated
as Parvati,
the daughter of the King Himavan. Like Sati, Parvati took severe austerities
and gave away all her royal privileges and went to forest. Shiva tested her
affection and devotion in disguise. He eventually realized Parvati is Sati
herself. Shiva later on married Parvati.
References in Tantras:
The Brahmayamala Tantra has a hymn, Aadya
Stotra, dedicated to Shakti. In the hymn, Vimala is the goddess of Puri and Viraja (Girija) is the goddess worshiped in
the Utkala Kingdom, which became Odisha. According to the Tantra
Chudamani, Sati's navel fell in the Utkala Kingdom, also known as Viraja Kshetra. Adi Shankara, in his Ashtadasha Shakti
Peetha Stuti describes the goddess as Girija. In Tantra literature, the Oddiyana
Peetha is located in eastern India near the Vaitarani River (an Oddiyana is an
ornament worn by a woman around her navel).
Nabi Gaya Kshetram:
During Kritayuga, there was a
demon king called Gayasura, by his intense penance and sacrifice he got
kingship on heaven and ruled all the three Lokas (Swarga, Marthya, Patalam).
Defeated by Gayasura, Lord Indra and other devas approached Trimurtis (Brahma,
Vishnu and Maheswara) for restoration of their position. Trimurtis in the guise
of brahmins visited Gayasura. Gayasura used to fulfill the desires of the
people who asked him by virtue of his kind and charitable qualities.
By his mere visit, even sinners
used to get rid of their sins and reached heaven. Gayasura received them warmly
and worshipped with utter respect, (Arghya and Padya) and received their
blessing. He asked them to tell the cause of their arrival. Then they told to
offer a sacred place to perform the sacrifice. He promised to provide the
place. They asked to give his body as it was a holy place to perform the
sacrifice. He agreed for it.
They gathered material, sages
and deities and requested Gayasura to commence Yaga (Sacrifice). The Gayasura
extended his body from Gaya in Bihar State to Pithapuram in Andhra State and
asked them to start sacrifice (Yaga). The place where his legs rested was a
pond where after this pond came to be known as Pada Gaya Sarovar. It is
believed that whoever bathes in this sacred pond will be relieved of their
sins. They started Yaga on his chest.
Yaga was intended to finish in
seven days, counting every day, from early in the morning. After six days, the Devas
prayed to Lord Eswara to spoil the Yaga. Then Lord Eswara in the Form of a Cock
at midnight (Lingodbhava kala), (before early in the morning) sounded
"Kokkuroko," Gayasura thought that the Yaga was over and moved his
body. Angered by this, Trimurtis were ready to kill Gayasura as he spoiled
their sacrifice. Gayasura graciously accepted it.
Trimurtis pleased by the
Gayasura actions, asked him to request them a boon. Gayasura told them that he
had no personal desires. But for the benefit of the world, he requested Vishnu
to be at his head, at naval cavity Brahma, and at feet Eswara in the form of
Cock, permanently. These three places should be treated as holy places and of
anybody performed shraddha karmas in these places, their fore Fathers would
reach salvations without rebirth. Lord Vishnu is being worshipped in the form
of Gadadhara in Gaya in Bihar even today. Brahma is being worshipped in the
form of Biraja in Nabhi Gaya in Jajipur, Odisha. The exact spot is in a well
that lies inside the Biraja temple just close to Maa Biraja.
Biraja:
According to Brahmanda Purana,
once Brahma (the creator of the Universe) performed a Yajna (great sacrifice)
on the river Baitrani. Parvati emerged from the Garhapatya fire as a result of
Brahma’s invocation and advised Brahma to name her as Biraja. Brahma prayed to
Parvati and asked her to stay at the Kshetra as the divine consort of Shiva.
Parvati agreed and created Nine Durgas, Sixty Four Yoginis, Eight Chandikas and
asked them to remain in the Kshetra permanently. Due to the presence of these deities,
this land was well known as Shakti Peetha. Lord Vishnu is in Varaha incarnation
at Biraja Temple.
Viraja Kshetra Mahatmya:
According to the Viraja Kshetra Mahatmya,
a work of the later medieval period, goddess Viraja was surrounded by three
Varahas, four Bhairavas, five Narasimha’s, seven Matrikas, twelve Ganeshas, and
one hundred eight Rudras. These names possibly indicate the past existence at
Jajpur of a number of Hindu shrines of the different sectarian affiliation, all
of which acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of Viraja, the presiding goddess
of the kshetra.
Gadakhestra:
According to the legend, the
place is also known as Gadakhestra, as Bhima’s Gada (mace) was lying in this
holy place.
Different Names of Jajpur:
The temple gave Jajpur the
nicknames Viraja Kshetra and Biraja Peetha. Jajpur is also called as Baithangi
Theertha.
On Crore of Shiva Lingams:
Jajpur is believed to have about
one crore of
Shiva lingams.
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